# Chunks¶

Dask arrays are composed of many NumPy arrays. How these arrays are arranged can significantly affect performance. For example, for a square array you might arrange your chunks along rows, along columns, or in a more square-like fashion. Different arrangements of NumPy arrays will be faster or slower for different algorithms.

## Specifying Chunk shapes¶

We always specify a chunks argument to tell dask.array how to break up the underlying array into chunks. We can specify chunks in a variety of ways:

1. A uniform dimension size like 1000, meaning chunks of size 1000 in each dimension
2. A uniform chunk shape like (1000, 2000, 3000), meaning chunks of size 1000 in the first axis, 2000 in the second axis, and 3000 in the third
3. Fully explicit sizes of all blocks along all dimensions, like ((1000, 1000, 500), (400, 400), (5, 5, 5, 5, 5))
4. A dictionary specifying chunk size per dimension like {0: 1000, 1: 2000, 2: 3000}. This is just another way of writing the forms 2 and 3 above

Your chunks input will be normalized and stored in the third and most explicit form. Note that chunks stands for “chunk shape” rather than “number of chunks”, so specifying chunks=1 means that you will have many chunks, each with exactly one element.

For performance, a good choice of chunks follows the following rules:

1. A chunk should be small enough to fit comfortably in memory. We’ll have many chunks in memory at once

2. A chunk must be large enough so that computations on that chunk take significantly longer than the 1ms overhead per task that Dask scheduling incurs. A task should take longer than 100ms

3. Chunk sizes between 10MB-1GB are common, depending on the availability of RAM and the duration of computations

4. Chunks should align with the computation that you want to do.

For example, if you plan to frequently slice along a particular dimension, then it’s more efficient if your chunks are aligned so that you have to touch fewer chunks. If you want to add two arrays, then its convenient if those arrays have matching chunks patterns

5. Chunks should align with your storage, if applicable.

Array data formats are often chunked as well. When loading or saving data, if is useful to have Dask array chunks that are aligned with the chunking of your storage, often an even multiple times larger in each direction

## Unknown Chunks¶

Some arrays have unknown chunk sizes. This arises whenever the size of an array depends on lazy computations that we haven’t yet performed like the following:

>>> x = da.from_array(np.random.randn(100), chunks=20)
>>> x += 0.1
>>> y = x[x > 0]  # don't know how many values are greater than 0 ahead of time


Operations like the above result in arrays with unknown shapes and unknown chunk sizes. Unknown values within shape or chunks are designated using np.nan rather than an integer. These arrays support many (but not all) operations. In particular, operations like slicing are not possible and will result in an error.

>>> y.shape
(np.nan,)
>>> y[4]
...
ValueError: Array chunk sizes unknown

Summary: to compute chunks sizes, use



Using compute_chunk_sizes() allows this example run:

>>> y.compute_chunk_sizes()
>>> y.shape
(44,)
>>> y[4].compute()
0.78621774046566


Note that compute_chunk_sizes() immediately performs computation and modifies the array in-place.

Unknown chunksizes also occur when using a Dask DataFrame to create a Dask array:

>>> ddf = dask.dataframe.from_pandas(...)
dask.array<..., shape=(nan, 2), ..., chunksize=(nan, 2)>


Using to_dask_array() resolves this issue:

>>> ddf.to_dask_array(lengths=True)
dask.array<..., shape=(100, 2), ..., chunksize=(20, 2)>


More details on to_dask_array() are in mentioned in how to create a Dask array from a Dask DataFrame in the documentation on Dask array creation.

## Chunks Examples¶

In this example we show how different inputs for chunks= cut up the following array:

1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 0 1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8
9 0 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 0
1 2 3 4 5 6


Here, we show how different chunks= arguments split the array into different blocks

chunks=3: Symmetric blocks of size 3:

1 2 3  4 5 6
7 8 9  0 1 2
3 4 5  6 7 8

9 0 1  2 3 4
5 6 7  8 9 0
1 2 3  4 5 6


chunks=2: Symmetric blocks of size 2:

1 2  3 4  5 6
7 8  9 0  1 2

3 4  5 6  7 8
9 0  1 2  3 4

5 6  7 8  9 0
1 2  3 4  5 6


chunks=(3, 2): Asymmetric but repeated blocks of size (3, 2):

1 2  3 4  5 6
7 8  9 0  1 2
3 4  5 6  7 8

9 0  1 2  3 4
5 6  7 8  9 0
1 2  3 4  5 6


chunks=(1, 6): Asymmetric but repeated blocks of size (1, 6):

1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9 0 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8

9 0 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 0

1 2 3 4 5 6


chunks=((2, 4), (3, 3)): Asymmetric and non-repeated blocks:

1 2 3  4 5 6
7 8 9  0 1 2

3 4 5  6 7 8
9 0 1  2 3 4
5 6 7  8 9 0
1 2 3  4 5 6


chunks=((2, 2, 1, 1), (3, 2, 1)): Asymmetric and non-repeated blocks:

1 2 3  4 5  6
7 8 9  0 1  2

3 4 5  6 7  8
9 0 1  2 3  4

5 6 7  8 9  0

1 2 3  4 5  6


Discussion

The latter examples are rarely provided by users on original data but arise from complex slicing and broadcasting operations. Generally people use the simplest form until they need more complex forms. The choice of chunks should align with the computations you want to do.

For example, if you plan to take out thin slices along the first dimension, then you might want to make that dimension skinnier than the others. If you plan to do linear algebra, then you might want more symmetric blocks.

Modern NDArray storage formats like HDF5, NetCDF, TIFF, and Zarr, allow arrays to be stored in chunks or tiles so that blocks of data can be pulled out efficiently without having to seek through a linear data stream. It is best to align the chunks of your Dask array with the chunks of your underlying data store.

However, data stores often chunk more finely than is ideal for Dask array, so it is common to choose a chunking that is a multiple of your storage chunk size, otherwise you might incur high overhead.

For example, if you are loading a data store that is chunked in blocks of (100, 100), then you might choose a chunking more like (1000, 2000) that is larger, but still evenly divisible by (100, 100). Data storage technologies will be able to tell you how their data is chunked.

## Rechunking¶

 rechunk(x[, chunks, threshold, block_size_limit]) Convert blocks in dask array x for new chunks.

Sometimes you need to change the chunking layout of your data. For example, perhaps it comes to you chunked row-wise, but you need to do an operation that is much faster if done across columns. You can change the chunking with the rechunk method.

x = x.rechunk((50, 1000))


Rechunking across axes can be expensive and incur a lot of communication, but Dask array has fairly efficient algorithms to accomplish this.

You can pass rechunk any valid chunking form:

x = x.rechunk(1000)
x = x.rechunk((50, 1000))
x = x.rechunk({0: 50, 1: 1000})


## Automatic Chunking¶

Chunks also includes three special values:

1. -1: no chunking along this dimension
2. None: no change to the chunking along this dimension (useful for rechunk)
3. "auto": allow the chunking in this dimension to accommodate ideal chunk sizes

So, for example, one could rechunk a 3D array to have no chunking along the zeroth dimension, but still have sensible chunk sizes as follows:

x = x.rechunk({0: -1, 1: 'auto', 2: 'auto'})


Or one can allow all dimensions to be auto-scaled to get to a good chunk size:

x = x.rechunk('auto')


Automatic chunking expands or contracts all dimensions marked with "auto" to try to reach chunk sizes with a number of bytes equal to the config value array.chunk-size, which is set to 128MiB by default, but which you can change in your configuration.

>>> dask.config.get('array.chunk-size')
'128MiB'


Automatic rechunking tries to respect the median chunk shape of the auto-rescaled dimensions, but will modify this to accommodate the shape of the full array (can’t have larger chunks than the array itself) and to find chunk shapes that nicely divide the shape.

These values can also be used when creating arrays with operations like dask.array.ones or dask.array.from_array

>>> dask.array.ones((10000, 10000), chunks=(-1, 'auto'))
dask.array<wrapped, shape=(10000, 10000), dtype=float64, chunksize=(10000, 1250), chunktype=numpy.ndarray>